Landarbeit (LFS00255) : Différence entre versions
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|lieuTournage=48.39462, 7.7603 | |lieuTournage=48.39462, 7.7603 | ||
|thematique=Agriculture and farming practices | |thematique=Agriculture and farming practices | ||
| + | |Resume_de=Arbeitseinsätze alter Männer und junger Frauen in der Landwirtschaft im Kriegsjahr 1942 | ||
|Resume_en=Work assignments of old men and young women in agriculture in the war year 1942. | |Resume_en=Work assignments of old men and young women in agriculture in the war year 1942. | ||
| − | | | + | |Description_de=Ernte von Gemüse, Getreide und Kartoffeln in der Gegend um Lahr, Ernte von Kohl auf der Stadtparkwiese, Vorbereitung der Böden für die Saat u. einer Anbaufläche vor dem neuen Rathaus in Lahr. |
|Description_en=Harvesting vegetables, cereals and potatoes in the area around Lahr, harvesting cabbage in the city park meadow, preparing the soil for sowing and. an acreage in front of the new town hall in Lahr. | |Description_en=Harvesting vegetables, cereals and potatoes in the area around Lahr, harvesting cabbage in the city park meadow, preparing the soil for sowing and. an acreage in front of the new town hall in Lahr. | ||
| − | | | + | |Contexte_et_analyse_de=Im Auftrag der Stadt drehte der Lahrer Fotografenmeister Eugen Dieterle (1910 - 1983) diesen Film über die Landarbeit 1942, der zum Teil inszeniert wirkt. Er hat in der NS-Zeit einige Filme zu Ereignissen in Lahr gedreht und über die Landarbeit eine Fotoserie erstellt, die im Stadtarchiv zu finden ist. Der Film zeigt dem Anschein nach eine perfekt funktionierende Landwirtschaft mitten im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Er zeigt die Aussaat und die Bearbeitung bis zur Ernte im Herbst was darauf hindeutet, dass der Film zwischen Anfang März und Oktober gedreht wurde. Dabei prägen vor allem ältere Männer auf Traktoren, Personen beim Sammeln und Lagern der Ernte sowie viele junge Frauen und Jugendliche das Bild. |
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| + | Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs war dem NS-Regimes die Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit Lebensmitteln wichtig. Denn aus Sicht der Nationalsozialisten wurde der Erste Weltkrieg 1918 aufgrund einer hungernden Bevölkerung verloren. Die sinkende Kriegsmoral des Volkes und die schwindende Kampfkraft der Soldaten wurden als Hauptursache für die Niederlage gesehen. Trotzdem war der Ausbau der Rüstungsindustrie wichtiger. Die Produktion von Nahrungsmitteln wurde zurückgefahren und deren Konsum rationiert. Das politische Ziel war, ein Existenzminimum zu gewährleisten, um einen erneuten moralischen und politischen Zusammenbruch des Systems zu verhindern. Die Rationierung von Lebensmitteln wurde bereits am 27. August 1939 erlassen, also kurz vor dem deutschen Überfall auf Polen. Fleisch, Fett, Zucker, Marmelade und auch weitere Konsumgüter wie Seife oder Textilien durften ab diesem Zeitpunkt nur noch mit speziellen Bezugsscheinen erworben werden. Ab April 1942 ergab sich für die Bevölkerung ein drastischer Einschnitt in der Lebensmittelversorgung, da weniger Schlachtungen durchgeführt wurden und auch die Getreideernte schlecht ausfiel. Insgesamt wurde der vegetarische Anteil der Nahrungsmittel im Kriegsverlauf verdoppelt. Im Film wird neben der Ernte von Kartoffeln, Getreide und Gurken auch ein riesiges Kohlfeld gezeigt. Angesichts des wachsenden Bedarfs an Gemüse und der begrenzten Fläche an Ackerland war man gezwungen, neue Anbauflächen zu schaffen. Aus diesem Grund spielt der Film nicht nur auf Feldern im Lahrer Umland wie in Meißenheim, sondern auch direkt in der Stadt. Dort wurde z.B. eine Wiese vor dem Neuen Lahrer Rathaus zu einer Ackerfläche umgewandelt. Auch der Stadtpark wurde zum Anbau von Weiß- und Blumenkohl genutzt. | ||
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| + | Mechanisierung der Landwirtschaft | ||
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| + | Der Einsatz von Traktoren und modernen Erntemaschinen war 1942 in der Landwirtschaft keineswegs Neuland. Sie wurden seit Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts genutzt, da durch die Industrialisierung eine Landflucht einsetzte, die durch eine Mechanisierung der Landwirtschaft kompensiert werden konnte. In Verbindung mit neuen Methoden der Schädlingsbekämpfung und Düngung sowie der Saatgutverbesserung wurde die Produktivität gesteigert. Der Film zeigt unter anderem einen Pflug, der von einem Traktor gezogen wird, eine elektrische Fräswalze, mit der der Boden aufgelockert werden kann und einen Mähdrescher der amerikanischen Marke McCormick. Trotzdem war das technische Niveau in der Landwirtschaft im Vergleich zur Industrie niedrig. Vor allem beim Gemüseanbau bestanden große Defizite. Ältere Maschinen, die vor dem Krieg aus dem Ausland importiert worden waren, konnten nicht mehr repariert werden. So mussten die Landwirte gegen Ende des Krieges wieder auf Handarbeit umsteigen, und der Bedarf an Arbeitskräften musste durch den Einsatz von Frauen, Kindern und auch Zwangsarbeitern gedeckt werden. Der Eindruck des Films, dass die Landwirte vielfältige technische Erntemaschinen zur Verfügung hatten, stimmt also nur teilweise mit der Realität überein. | ||
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| + | Personengruppen in der Landwirtschaft 1942 | ||
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| + | Während des Krieges wurden viele junge Männer von der Wehrmacht eingezogen, weshalb es zu einem Arbeitskräftemangel auch in der Landwirtschaft kam. Deshalb wurden Zwangsarbeiter, Frauen, Jugendliche, Rentner eingesetzt. Der Film zeigt eine Idylle und eine perfekt funktionierende Landwirtschaft. Überwiegend sind im Film Frauen sowie junge und ältere Männer zu sehen, die nicht für den Krieg rekrutiert wurden. Speziell in Lahr ordnete zudem der Oberbürgermeister Karl Winter an, dass Angestellte der Stadtverwaltung vom Kriegsdienst freigestellt wurden, um für andere kriegswichtige Zwecke eingesetzt zu werden, wozu auch die Landwirtschaft gehörte. | ||
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| + | Obwohl im Film vermutlich keine Zwangsarbeiter zu sehen sind, wurden sie bis zum Jahr 1942 häufig eingesetzt. In Baden arbeiteten 1942 insgesamt 55.000 ausländische Zwangsarbeiter, davon ca. 48% in der Landwirtschaft. Dies verdeutlicht, dass die Lebensmittelversorgung ohne sie nicht gesichert werden konnte. Ein Großteil der Zwangsarbeiter kam aus Polen und der Sowjetunion, einige auch aus Frankreich; sie wurden oft menschenunwürdig behandelt. | ||
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| + | Aufgrund des Arbeitskräftemangels arbeiteten zahlreiche Frauen in der Landwirtschaft. Das Frauenbild im ‚Dritten Reich‘ wurde beherrscht von der Frau als sorgender Mutter und fleißiger Hausfrau. Ihre Aufgabe war es vor allem, Kinder auf die Welt zu bringen und nach nationalsozialistischer Anschauung zu erziehen. Sie wurden zunächst aus dem Berufsleben verdrängt, waren dann aber im Krieg als Arbeitskräfte gefordert. Zu Beginn des Films sieht man einige Jugendliche, welche von einem Fahrzeug mit der Aufschrift „Stadt Lahr“, auf das Erntefeld gefahren werden. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich hierbei um Erntehelfer, die von der Stadt rekrutiert oder von der Hitlerjugend zur Landarbeit eingeteilt wurden. Ihr Einsatz wurde vom Staat vorrangig als erzieherische Handlung und zweitrangig als wirtschaftliche Maßnahme gesehen. Aufgrund des Arbeitskräftemangels mussten also alle Bevölkerungsgruppen bei der landwirtschaftlichen Arbeit helfen. | ||
| + | Simon Bartmann, Tara Heilmann, Sabrina Hrovatin | ||
|Contexte_et_analyse_en=On behalf of the city, the Lahr photographer master Eugen Dieterle (1910 - 1983) made this film about agricultural work in 1942, which is partly staged. During the Nazi era, he made several films about events in Lahr and created a series of photos about agricultural work that can be found in the city archive. The film apparently shows a perfectly functioning agriculture in the middle of the Second World War. It shows the sowing and processing until the autumn harvest, which indicates that the film was made between early March and October. It is mainly older men on tractors, people collecting and storing the harvest and many young women and young people who shape the picture. | |Contexte_et_analyse_en=On behalf of the city, the Lahr photographer master Eugen Dieterle (1910 - 1983) made this film about agricultural work in 1942, which is partly staged. During the Nazi era, he made several films about events in Lahr and created a series of photos about agricultural work that can be found in the city archive. The film apparently shows a perfectly functioning agriculture in the middle of the Second World War. It shows the sowing and processing until the autumn harvest, which indicates that the film was made between early March and October. It is mainly older men on tractors, people collecting and storing the harvest and many young women and young people who shape the picture. | ||
During the Second World War the food supply was important to the NS regime. From the perspective of the National Socialists, the First World War was lost in 1918 due to a starving population. The decline in the people's war morale and the dwindling fighting power of the soldiers were seen as the main cause of the defeat. Nevertheless, the expansion of the defense industry was more important. The production of food was cut back and its consumption rationed. The political goal was to ensure a subsistence level to prevent the system from collapsing again morally and politically. The rationing of food was enacted on August 27, 1939, shortly before the German attack on Poland. From this point on, meat, fat, sugar, jam and other consumer goods such as soap or textiles were only allowed to be purchased with special coupons. From April 1942 there was a drastic cut in the food supply for the population, as fewer slaughterings were carried out and the grain harvest was also poor. Overall, the vegetarian portion of food was doubled in the course of the war. In addition to the harvest of potatoes, cereals and cucumbers, the film also shows a huge field of cabbage. In view of the growing need for vegetables and the limited area of arable land, one was forced to create new acreage. For this reason, the film not only takes place in fields in the Lahr area like Meißenheim, but also directly in the city. There was e.g. a meadow in front of the New Town Hall in Lahr has been converted into arable land. The city park was also used to grow white and cauliflower. | During the Second World War the food supply was important to the NS regime. From the perspective of the National Socialists, the First World War was lost in 1918 due to a starving population. The decline in the people's war morale and the dwindling fighting power of the soldiers were seen as the main cause of the defeat. Nevertheless, the expansion of the defense industry was more important. The production of food was cut back and its consumption rationed. The political goal was to ensure a subsistence level to prevent the system from collapsing again morally and politically. The rationing of food was enacted on August 27, 1939, shortly before the German attack on Poland. From this point on, meat, fat, sugar, jam and other consumer goods such as soap or textiles were only allowed to be purchased with special coupons. From April 1942 there was a drastic cut in the food supply for the population, as fewer slaughterings were carried out and the grain harvest was also poor. Overall, the vegetarian portion of food was doubled in the course of the war. In addition to the harvest of potatoes, cereals and cucumbers, the film also shows a huge field of cabbage. In view of the growing need for vegetables and the limited area of arable land, one was forced to create new acreage. For this reason, the film not only takes place in fields in the Lahr area like Meißenheim, but also directly in the city. There was e.g. a meadow in front of the New Town Hall in Lahr has been converted into arable land. The city park was also used to grow white and cauliflower. | ||
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During the war, many young men were drafted into the Wehrmacht, which is why there was also a shortage of workers in agriculture. For this reason, forced laborers, women, young people and pensioners were used. The film shows an idyll and a perfectly functioning agriculture. The film mainly shows women as well as young and older men who were not recruited for the war. In Lahr in particular, the Mayor Karl Winter also ordered that employees of the city administration be released from military service in order to be used for other war important purposes, which also included agriculture. | During the war, many young men were drafted into the Wehrmacht, which is why there was also a shortage of workers in agriculture. For this reason, forced laborers, women, young people and pensioners were used. The film shows an idyll and a perfectly functioning agriculture. The film mainly shows women as well as young and older men who were not recruited for the war. In Lahr in particular, the Mayor Karl Winter also ordered that employees of the city administration be released from military service in order to be used for other war important purposes, which also included agriculture. | ||
Although no forced laborers are likely to be seen in the film, they were used frequently until 1942. In 1942, a total of 55,000 foreign forced laborers worked in Baden, 48% of them in agriculture. This shows that the food supply could not be secured without it. Most of the forced laborers came from Poland and the Soviet Union, some also from France; they were often treated inhumane. Due to the labor shortage, many women worked in agriculture. The image of women in the 'Third Reich' was dominated by women as caring mothers and hardworking housewives. Her main task was to give birth to children and to educate them according to the National Socialist view. They were initially pushed out of working life, but were then challenged as workers during the war. At the beginning of the film you can see some young people being driven onto the harvest field by a vehicle with the emblem "Stadt Lahr". Probably these are harvest helpers who were recruited by the city or assigned by the Hitler Youth to agricultural work. The state saw their use primarily as an educational act and as a secondary measure as an economic measure. Due to the labor shortage, all population groups had to help with agricultural work. | Although no forced laborers are likely to be seen in the film, they were used frequently until 1942. In 1942, a total of 55,000 foreign forced laborers worked in Baden, 48% of them in agriculture. This shows that the food supply could not be secured without it. Most of the forced laborers came from Poland and the Soviet Union, some also from France; they were often treated inhumane. Due to the labor shortage, many women worked in agriculture. The image of women in the 'Third Reich' was dominated by women as caring mothers and hardworking housewives. Her main task was to give birth to children and to educate them according to the National Socialist view. They were initially pushed out of working life, but were then challenged as workers during the war. At the beginning of the film you can see some young people being driven onto the harvest field by a vehicle with the emblem "Stadt Lahr". Probably these are harvest helpers who were recruited by the city or assigned by the Hitler Youth to agricultural work. The state saw their use primarily as an educational act and as a secondary measure as an economic measure. Due to the labor shortage, all population groups had to help with agricultural work. | ||
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Simon Bartmann, Tara Heilmann, Sabrina Hrovatin | Simon Bartmann, Tara Heilmann, Sabrina Hrovatin | ||
|Bibliographie=BAADER, Emil, Kriegschronik Lahr, Lahr o.J.; BENDEL, Carolin, Die deutsche Frau und ihre Rolle im Nationalsozialismus (https://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/die-deutsche-frau-und-ihre-rolle-imnationalsozialismus/), Abrufdatum: 22.01.2020; CORNI, Gustavo; GIES, Horst, Brot – Butter – Kanonen: Die Ernährungswirtschaft in Deutschland unter der Diktatur Hitlers, de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin 2015; LEHMANN, Joachim, Probleme der Versorgung der deutschen Landwirtschaft mit Landmaschinen und Geräten im Zweiten Weltkrieg, de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin 1981; LEUTHER, Marion, NS-Zwangsarbeit in Privathaushalten und Landwirtschaft. (https://www.akweb.de/ak_s/ak434/18.htm) Abrufdatum: 22.01.2020; PETER, Roland, Rüstungspolitik in Baden. Kriegswirtschaft und Arbeitseinsatz in einer Grenzregion im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2009; STADT LAHR (Hg.I. Geschichte der Stadt Lahr. Im 20. Jahrhundert. 3. Band, Verlag Ernst Kaufmann, Lahr 1993; VOLKMANN, Hans-Erich, Landwirtschaft und Ernährung in Hitlers Europa 1939-45, Oldenbourg Verlag, München 1984. | |Bibliographie=BAADER, Emil, Kriegschronik Lahr, Lahr o.J.; BENDEL, Carolin, Die deutsche Frau und ihre Rolle im Nationalsozialismus (https://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/die-deutsche-frau-und-ihre-rolle-imnationalsozialismus/), Abrufdatum: 22.01.2020; CORNI, Gustavo; GIES, Horst, Brot – Butter – Kanonen: Die Ernährungswirtschaft in Deutschland unter der Diktatur Hitlers, de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin 2015; LEHMANN, Joachim, Probleme der Versorgung der deutschen Landwirtschaft mit Landmaschinen und Geräten im Zweiten Weltkrieg, de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin 1981; LEUTHER, Marion, NS-Zwangsarbeit in Privathaushalten und Landwirtschaft. (https://www.akweb.de/ak_s/ak434/18.htm) Abrufdatum: 22.01.2020; PETER, Roland, Rüstungspolitik in Baden. Kriegswirtschaft und Arbeitseinsatz in einer Grenzregion im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2009; STADT LAHR (Hg.I. Geschichte der Stadt Lahr. Im 20. Jahrhundert. 3. Band, Verlag Ernst Kaufmann, Lahr 1993; VOLKMANN, Hans-Erich, Landwirtschaft und Ernährung in Hitlers Europa 1939-45, Oldenbourg Verlag, München 1984. | ||
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Version du 16 juillet 2020 à 16:48
Résumé
Description
Harvesting vegetables, cereals and potatoes in the area around Lahr, harvesting cabbage in the city park meadow, preparing the soil for sowing and. an acreage in front of the new town hall in Lahr.
Contexte et analyse
On behalf of the city, the Lahr photographer master Eugen Dieterle (1910 - 1983) made this film about agricultural work in 1942, which is partly staged. During the Nazi era, he made several films about events in Lahr and created a series of photos about agricultural work that can be found in the city archive. The film apparently shows a perfectly functioning agriculture in the middle of the Second World War. It shows the sowing and processing until the autumn harvest, which indicates that the film was made between early March and October. It is mainly older men on tractors, people collecting and storing the harvest and many young women and young people who shape the picture.
During the Second World War the food supply was important to the NS regime. From the perspective of the National Socialists, the First World War was lost in 1918 due to a starving population. The decline in the people's war morale and the dwindling fighting power of the soldiers were seen as the main cause of the defeat. Nevertheless, the expansion of the defense industry was more important. The production of food was cut back and its consumption rationed. The political goal was to ensure a subsistence level to prevent the system from collapsing again morally and politically. The rationing of food was enacted on August 27, 1939, shortly before the German attack on Poland. From this point on, meat, fat, sugar, jam and other consumer goods such as soap or textiles were only allowed to be purchased with special coupons. From April 1942 there was a drastic cut in the food supply for the population, as fewer slaughterings were carried out and the grain harvest was also poor. Overall, the vegetarian portion of food was doubled in the course of the war. In addition to the harvest of potatoes, cereals and cucumbers, the film also shows a huge field of cabbage. In view of the growing need for vegetables and the limited area of arable land, one was forced to create new acreage. For this reason, the film not only takes place in fields in the Lahr area like Meißenheim, but also directly in the city. There was e.g. a meadow in front of the New Town Hall in Lahr has been converted into arable land. The city park was also used to grow white and cauliflower.
Mechanization of agriculture
The use of tractors and modern harvesting machines was by no means new territory in agriculture in 1942. They have been used since the middle of the 19th century because industrialization caused a rural exodus that only could be compensated for by mechanizing agriculture. Productivity has been increased in connection with new methods of pest control and fertilization as well as seed improvement. The film shows, among other things, a plow pulled by a tractor, an electric milling drum that can be used to loosen the soil and a combine harvester from the American brand McCormick. Nevertheless, the technical level in agriculture was low compared to industry. There were major deficits, especially in vegetable growing. Older machines that had been imported from abroad before the war could no longer be repaired. At the end of the war, farmers had to switch to manual labor again, and the need for workers had to be met through the use of women, children and also forced labor. The film's impression that the farmers had a wide range of technical harvesters available is only partially in line with reality.
Groups of people in agriculture 1942
During the war, many young men were drafted into the Wehrmacht, which is why there was also a shortage of workers in agriculture. For this reason, forced laborers, women, young people and pensioners were used. The film shows an idyll and a perfectly functioning agriculture. The film mainly shows women as well as young and older men who were not recruited for the war. In Lahr in particular, the Mayor Karl Winter also ordered that employees of the city administration be released from military service in order to be used for other war important purposes, which also included agriculture. Although no forced laborers are likely to be seen in the film, they were used frequently until 1942. In 1942, a total of 55,000 foreign forced laborers worked in Baden, 48% of them in agriculture. This shows that the food supply could not be secured without it. Most of the forced laborers came from Poland and the Soviet Union, some also from France; they were often treated inhumane. Due to the labor shortage, many women worked in agriculture. The image of women in the 'Third Reich' was dominated by women as caring mothers and hardworking housewives. Her main task was to give birth to children and to educate them according to the National Socialist view. They were initially pushed out of working life, but were then challenged as workers during the war. At the beginning of the film you can see some young people being driven onto the harvest field by a vehicle with the emblem "Stadt Lahr". Probably these are harvest helpers who were recruited by the city or assigned by the Hitler Youth to agricultural work. The state saw their use primarily as an educational act and as a secondary measure as an economic measure. Due to the labor shortage, all population groups had to help with agricultural work.
Simon Bartmann, Tara Heilmann, Sabrina HrovatinPersonnages identifiés
Lieux ou monuments
Bibliographie
- ↑ Cette fiche est en cours de rédaction. À ce titre elle peut être inachevée et contenir des erreurs.
